Same dude; managed to log in with my Steam account. Here's some input:
A. Might try that, though it's not something I'd like to abuse. Gonna try it with this particular mission that gives some armor and try to survive by myself again afterwards.
B. Just posted a request here in the guild recruitment forum, as well as requested invitation to some I saw.
C. I'm using the mission-issued gear, as I don't either have better recipes nor the coin to buy new ones. I'm not missing attack, as you seem to imply. My issue is my low defense, as I've been using the same armor (0★) for most the game. Recent dungeons throw more enemies than previous ones and, as I'm by myself, even with dodging and blocking I end up acting as a pinball ball.
You're right that the game was designed for party play. And you're right that the party finder is pretty much useless (at this point) for a low-rank knight trying to work through missions. But here are three ideas:
A. Stand in Haven and ask for help. Be calm and dignified about it. No one must think that you're begging, because players don't like beggars. You might make some new friends.
B. Join a guild. Your guild mates should help you, even if they take turns.
C. We could talk about your equipment here. Perhaps you've chosen weapons that make the game hard, or perhaps you're using the wrong damage type on the wrong monsters.