It could easily be done in the form of:
{{CostumeRecolors|[Name of style]|[List of available types]}}
For example:
{{CostumeRecolors|Hunter|Fur Cap|Hood|Pith Helm|Plate Helm|Sallet|Scale Helm|Tailed Helm|Winged Helm|Fur Coat|Cloak|Brigandine|Plate Mail|Cuirass|Scale Mail|Cutlet|Raiment}}
Or even using a key and documenting the key in the template would work as well for something shorter like this:
{{CostumeRecolors|Hunter|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17}}
Using the numbering system you made.
Some things to think about:
Plate Mail (Recolor)|Plate Mail part may have to be hard coded (to be interpreted as "Plate Mail" that will convert to "Plate Mail (Recolor)|Plate Mail") [With numbering system this can be ignored].
Should the table be reorganized? (Currently there is an equal number of helms+armors, with matching style helms on top of armors, with the armor links below the image).
This wont work well for the Jackobombhead, or other specialty small tables.
Organization might pose a problem if number of helms is not the same as number of armors.
Edit:
Come to think of it, it might be simplest to just make a 2 parameter template:
{{CostumeRecolors|[Name of style]|[Available Style Key]}}
Where "Available Style Key" would refer to the list of costumes that would be available (and wouldnt need to be updated if the new stuff matched a currently used list).
Edit2:
Just added my second idea in. Hopefully i changed the template page so people understand it.