How do I know the type of power that guild ranks have? Can Officers view Guild Design? What rank can deposit and take stuff from the treasury?
Guild ranks and their power?
Recruit & Member have no additional powers. They can add to the Guild Treasury.
Veterans can enter design mode, but can't publish.
Officers & Guild Masters can do whatever they want, including promotions, publish designs, and such like.
This will answer the first part of your question.
Thinslayer answered the second part.
And I "think" any guild member can deposit into the treasury but no-one can withdraw from it (i.e. Stuff donated is gone forever)
Any ranks can deposit to Guild Treasury. Only Members or above can deposit or withdraw from Guild Storage (not Treasury).
Veterans can enter Design Mode and change MOTD. They cannot publish changes to Guild Hall.
Officer and GM have same privileges except GM can have their own doors and demote Officer.
While you wait for an informed response: Read the wiki pages "Guild" and "Guild Hall". They may not have all of the information you want, however. Use Google to search for something like "spiral knights guild hall" (without the quotes), and read forum threads about guild halls that ran after that big update. Probably all of your questions were answered in those threads. But it would be nice to complete the Guild Hall wiki page. People shouldn't have to search the forums.